Angela [] Yeah, put in a closet. We all need a closet. Angela [] I mean, it's part of my life mantra. Can I have more closets? Jenna [] Well, you need closets for your baskets, lady. Your basket collection. Jenna [] Well, listen, this little room, it was located in our writer's building. It was on the bottom floor and it was an actual storage closet. It was not a set, so the walls did not move. Jenna [] Where we've built many a set. For whatever reason, they crammed us into the post production storage room where, previous to us shooting in there, they had stored thousands of hours of archived tape of our show.
This was back in the day and we just had walls and walls of five seasons of tape on our show. They had to relocate all the tapes. They had to redress the room. I said the shower is fake, but those pipes were real.
There really were these giant pipes. Angela [] Yes, the big black pipes that were coming out, those were real. Jenna [] Yes. Also, the bathrooms that are outside in the hallway, the two doors on either side of the Michael Scott Paper Company door, those bathrooms were real. Those were the actual working bathrooms for anybody who worked on the bottom floor. Angela [] Those were the bathrooms we would use in between scenes when we filmed in the warehouse or in that hallway by the editing bay.
Right across from us were our two editors, Claire and Dave. And above us were the writers' offices. So we were over in that building with the writers. Also in this building is the lobby area that leads out into the parking lot. Angela [] This room also gets repurposed for Cafe Disco. We went back down there for that. So those are all my details on that room.
I'll have more to share as we break down the episode. More little quirks of working in there. Angela [] Yeah, you spent a lot of time in there. Jenna [] We did. Are you ready for fast fact number two?
It was basically the same room taken from three different angles. It had the downloadable coupon that is shown in this episode, you know, the one that promises unparalleled customer service? Jenna [] That Pam and Ryan refused to copy. And it also had the mission statement for Michael Scott Paper Company. Angela [] Yes, it did. And we reached out to Joya.
You know, we've talked about Joya before. She shared with us what the mission statement said. Here it is: "It's the Michael Scott paper company's mission to provide you the highest quality paper, the best possible service at the lowest possible prices. Sounds good. Just wait, there's more. This paper business is more than just paper, more than just a business. It's about establishing quality human relationships with our clients. While little Timmy wakes up in the middle of the night with whooping cough and you need someone to call, we'll be there.
When sweet Christine gets stood up by her prom date, we'll be there. When the dam breaks in your backyard, and the only thing that can stop the flow of water from flooding your house is a ream of paper, we'll be there.
At the Michael Scott Paper Company, we'll always be there through thick and thin, in sickness and health, till death or retirement do us part. We'll be there. Jenna [] Yeah. But I I really like it when he says we're more than just a business, we're about quality human relationships with our clients.
I'm like, Oh. And then it goes off into some very specific examples of when you might be there for me. But in the end, I liked it. Angela [] I think I was a little curious about what kind of backyard you have that has a dam. Jenna [] Well, listen, we'll be there. Fast fact number three, Ellie Kemper is our new receptionist. Jenna [] We love Ellie. We are definitely going to have her on the show. You know, Ellie and I both grew up in St.
Jenna [] Now I did not know her growing up. She is six years younger than me. I had actually graduated college and moved to Los Angeles while she was still in high school. Angela [] I'm six years older than my husband, so you just described our relationship, I guess, had we known each other back then.
Jenna [] By the way, do you know who her high school drama teacher was? Jon Hamm also grew up in St. I also did not know Jon Hamm growing up, even though we were closer in age. Angela [] I can't believe that was Ellie's drama teacher. But, of course, you know, Phyllis was also from St. Our director, Ken Kwapis, was from St.
Louis and our first A. So we were all very excited. Angela [] Well, you know, on the DVD commentary, there was a little bit of chatter. Angela [] Nice Group. There was a little bit of chatter about which city in America was most represented in the cast and crew of The Office.
Jenna [] I think with the addition of Ellie, it became St. Angela [] And Jenna, I want you to know you have clearly been- this is gonna make me laugh- obsessed with facts for a long time. I want you to hear what you brought to the DVD commentary. Jenna [] Is also from St. Speaker 3 [] So you said you were not going to have any fun facts, now you're just pulling them out.
Jenna [] So many. People are having so much fun with my facts. Oh my god! And by the way, I forgot about Shannon, who was also from St. Angela [] I know. Well, you listed them all. I sort of just took a snippet out. You sort of talked for a while about St. So much so that they were like, You do have great facts.
And it just cracked me up to hear you talking about your fun facts. And now you have your fast facts. Jenna [] I'll tell you what, when I would go into DVD commentaries, I was often worried that I wouldn't have anything to talk about, so I would do kind of the equivalent of a mini deep dive on something. I wanted to come in with, like an interesting tidbit that we could throw in there if there was ever a moment where we weren't covering something about the show.
Angela [] It does, but it just got me so tickled. Jenna [] We had a fan question from K. Erin is my favorite character of The Office. How did the producers come up with her personality and her character as a whole? And how much creative liberty did Ellie have in creating her character's quirks and traits? He said that the writers had not fully fleshed out Erin's personality by the time we started shooting. So when we started, they had Ellie perform all of her scenes and all of her talking heads two different ways as two different characters.
Jenna [] She had to do them in like that earnest, quirky way that we know and love as Erin. That's the one we eventually go with. But Gene said, believe it or not, there exists a bizarro Erin where her lines are also delivered in a no nonsense way. And I asked him, how long did she have to do this before they decided?
And he said they definitely had like two totally different versions of her talking heads written and then in her scenes with Dwight and Andy hitting on her, she had to then perform those with different characteristics. I mean, Gene said he gives her so much credit because this was her first big role on a TV show, and she basically did two versions of Erin in every scene for the entire week.
Angela [] So until you shared about that sort of two versions of Erin, I'd forgotten about it, but now there's a deleted scene that makes sense to me. Erin just looks at camera, you know, she's doing a talking head and she's just like, Do I have to do one of these on all of my breaks?
Jenna [] Yes! James Kerry had the candy bag for this episode, and it included Erin's two talking heads, neither of which end up in the episode. Jenna [] OK. This is the one that was in the candy bag as their first choice, which was, It's pretty cool. Like any other office, I guess. Phones, computers, copiers.
Do I have to do this on all my breaks? Angela [] Yeah, and I was a little confused because I thought it felt sort of off. Jenna [] Then they had this: must shoot alternate, which went like this: Most places you go, the chairs are really crappy and you're uncomfortable all day. My chair here is great. I really hope this works out. And that was like the one that quirky Erin would say. Jenna [] I guess that's our sign that the office got the new chairs because she's loving Pam's chair.
Angela [] Pam talks about the chairs too later on. Jenna [] I know. I want to say that this doing two versions of your character happened to me on the film Blades of Glory. I had gone in with this idea for this version of the character that was based kind of on like Bernadette Peters' performance in the Jerk. Jenna [] I just really loved her wide eyed, innocent, earnest approach to love and sex and just sort of all of it. And being with sort of an oddball guy, and that is very similar to my character of Katie in Blades of Glory.
But I think there was a little bit of concern that that might feel like too big of a choice. And so they also had me do all the scenes just pretty straight. And I did that for a couple of days. Every scene. And eventually they went with my quirky version. I was so proud. But it was super intense because I remember one day I was shooting a scene with Will Arnett and Amy Poehler, they played a brother-sister ice skating duo.
Jenna [] I'm their little sister slash assistant. Oh my God, it was so much fun shooting with those guys. Angela [] That whole movie looked like a blast. Just like the cast looked like so much fun. Jenna [] We had a blast. And but we had this scene and they they were like, OK, we're going to lunch. Jenna, you get two takes: one in one version and one in the other, and I had to just nail both versions. And I remember someone- and I can't remember who- came up to me early and they were like, just don't do a good job of the version you don't want to have them pick.
Just do the version you like really well. Jenna [] And then they'll be forced to go with, you know, your vision of the character. I couldn't do it. My like actor integrity. Angela [] No, just your whole moral compass, you could never do that. Angela [] It is interesting to me how characters become like who they are on a show or in a movie. This is reminding me of a project that one of my friends wrote. It was based on a real life story from her life, and she had this character of a guy named Ed and he was based on her friend in real life, Ed.
And Ed was also an actor so Ed went in to audition for Ed. And he just was himself. She wrote him as himself. We were all like, Ed's going to get the part of Ed, right? I mean, they wrote it for Ed. And he didn't get it. I was like, How can Ed not get Ed? It's based on Ed! Like, what? Jenna [] Lady, I have a very similar story. OK, I auditioned for this lead role in a pilot opposite Dan Finnerty.
He's from the Dan Band. Jenna [] It was hilarious. And so I went in and I just did my best impression of Mary Lynn. Angela [] I have worked with her many times. I love her. Jenna [] I super copied her. I get to the final audition. It's me and two other women.
One of them is like a tall, gorgeous blond. The other one is Mary Lynn Rajskub. Then I find out that Dan knows Mary Lynn, and he wrote the role for her. He was going for Mary Lynn.
Jenna [] No, neither of us did. They gave it to the blond. And it was so funny because I thought to myself, Well, obviously they're going to go with Mary Lynn.
They're not going to go with me. I'm copying her. Jenna [] They didn't give it to either of us. But the two of us were at least doing what he intended when he wrote it. Jenna [] No, they went the other way. You never know. Jenna [] Well, why don't we take a break?
And when we come back, we will really get into this episode. I have a lot of fun stuff this week, I think. Angela [] Me too. I have some sunglasses information. Jenna [] Hold up. I have sunglasses information. Angela [] Oh my god, what if we have the same sunglasses information?
Jenna [] Whose sunglasses are you going to talk about? Jenna [] I have photo evidence of somebody's sunglasses. Angela [] I have photo evidence of somebody's sunglasses. Angela [] This is how you guys know that we don't talk to each other. We show up and try to surprise each other and sometimes we find the same things.
We'll be back. Jenna [] We are back, and this episode opens with Michael driving up in his convertible. He's got the top down. He's blasting his music. It's Britney, bitch. At 18 seconds, I caught the camera crew in Michael sunglasses. Angela [] Yep. Go to 18 seconds, you can see our camera crew in his sunglasses. You guys, there was some debate about Michael's sunglasses.
Jenna [] Ooh, we're already into the sunglasses info. It's right out of the gate. They couldn't decide two things: one, should he leave the sunglasses on the whole time? Or should he take them off? Angela [] They decided it's better for comedy if your sunglasses are off because you use your face, you guys. Angela [] Right? Number two, they were trying to debate between the pair of sunglasses they picked or a pair that were really popular at the time that P.
Diddy was wearing. Jenna [] Oh, OK. And they picked not P. Diddy's glasses. So they picked not P Diddy's glasses, but to also take them off for the sake of comedy. Jenna [] Well, at 32 seconds, Michael is going to try to parallel park. He is going to do this unsuccessfully. There's just not enough room.
Angela [] I love when he said, not going to make this one. Jenna [] There's like three car lengths of curb available. Randy Cordray told us that we did this in cuts. So first they padded the rear bumper of Michael's P. They shot it in a way so you can't see the padding. When Michael pulls away, they had removed the foam cushioning, and that crunch you hear was a special effects sound that they added in post.
Angela [] Well, I thought it was a really relatable moment because I know I've bailed mid-parallel park before, especially if you're trying to parallel park somewhere where people are like eating outside, like-. Jenna [] When I went to take my driving test, I was about to fail. The last task was parallel park. Jenna [] And I nailed it and I passed my driving test. Angela [] Jenna, same here. I was doing horribly, but coach Wolf, who taught me driver's ed, had really worked with me on parallel parking.
Jenna [] My dad had really worked with me on parallel parking. Angela [] Does this make us sound like bad drivers that parallel parking saved us? Jenna [] Well, here's the thing. Ironically, I do not get an actual car accidents, but I am constantly hitting things when I'm trying to park.
I've seen you, like, get real close to hitting something when you were parking one time. I was like Jenna Jenna Jenna! Angela [] Well, when I took my driver's ed test, the tester guy, he wrote a little note on my test score.
Angela [] Because when he was giving me my driver's ed test, we drove down the little main street of the small town I'm from, and my friends were all hanging out at this car wash that had gone out of business. People would park their cars there and hang out.
Angela [] Like teenagers. And a bunch of my friends were parked there and they all knew I was taking my test. So as I drove by I honked and waved.
And my tester guy did not like that. Angela [] I still passed because of parallel parking. Jenna [] People wrote in about the plant, Angela. Angela [] It's the first thing I noticed. To check if this is the issue, try setting your thermostat to a warmer temperature. Has anyone else experienced this when laying on a full bed and is the only answer to relay the paving? If you have a large gap under your apartment door, add a door sweep.
HP Audio Drivers. Step 4: Use mineral spirits to dissolve adhesive. Nothing has come up from the bathtub, but the sound is there after every flush. Switch to another app and test the sound. Once the car is going fast enough that I can hear it, the sound does not go away until the car has slowed to below the same threshold. Some TVs and devices can connect wirelessly via Bluetooth, which will also fix the issue. It will significantly improve the sound from the stereo and reduce road noise as well.
Mini V has a great function that mimics the Minimoog, in that when the mixer That also explains, why the sound is fine when gaming, as the CPU is always running at full load. The sound of chewing, especially something crunchy, will also be nearly unbearably loud. The metallic, tin-like sound you may hear in your audio is an unwelcome annoyance.
You may want to just go on record about this with your dealer and enjoy the pool. This problem occurs because the audio conferencing software does not process sound coming from multiple microphones correctly.
Tip: When using the Parametric Equalizer effect to reshape audio, the volume is likely to change. Monitoring your audio might be easier than you think. Sounds are too loud. A papery rustling. I've noticed that about three or four of them sound hollow when walked on or if you tap them. However, it can be used to make a sound sustain more, bringing up more sonic content for longer.
The hollow walls can create a bass trap and the small room dimensions mean small RT However, if they come back after a short time, it likely signals a problem with the unit itself and you may need a professional repair. Mac Configuration: In System Preferences, click on the sound icon. Ensure the speaker setting matches the type of speakers connected. If the sound of your voice goes straight to your mic, but part of it heads over to the window, bounces off and then heads over to the mic, the waves get all mixed up and make a crummy hollow sound.
Theme can be used to FxSound boosts your clarity to save your sanity. Step 2: Check that your volume is turned up. For example, if you want to soundproof an internal door, then you should consider doing everything possible to address its other weak areas. Soundproof foam is a mix of polyurethane-derived materials polyether, polyester, etc.
Don't have the time to disassemble to show the lube. The mix is also extremely important here. You must hear an audio jingle. The board has 2 channels so it is doubtful both AY chips failed at once. You could also try putting weather stripping around the door to help with noise control.
But as running the MP one that just didn't cut it. Skype audio customization is simple. If you don't hear any sound, or if your speaker button on the Ringer and Alerts slider is dimmed, your speaker might need service. Elgato Wave:3 - Setting up the Pop Filter. View More. Here are simple steps to be followed to remedy muffled hearing: When muffled hearing transpires after taking a shower or swimming, immediately let the affected ear checked.
Since then, my Audition recordings have a hollow sound as if there were some filter or effect being applied. And of course, if you can locate the source of the sound, then you might be able to find a way to address it directly.
This forum is for Audacity on Windows. The short answer is: no, hollow sounding tiles is not an indicator of a foundation issue. The guitar sounds can also be changed by different effects. Solution: Find foam or moulding tips. Hello, I've just had a new patio laid in the back garden using sandstone slabs. Eugene believes that every human being is endowed with innate creative abilities but that these are often buried deep within. He also believes that we can cultivate an environment within and without, that is conducive to the fruition of these abilities.
All his enabling work is based on the inculcation of self-confidence and a sense of worth and belonging in individuals and communities, irrespective of background. These events could be current or steeped in memory; they could be personal or political, but the poems are primarily daily meditations on exploring ideas that might inspire the reader, while providing hope to find the means of coping with the distressing effects of the Covid pandemic, to also look within to gain greater knowledge of self.
EK: It all started during late August The last verse in particular struck the proverbial chord that got the ball rolling:. Who am I, a white Afrikaans woman, to be the composer of these words? What gives me the right? Nothing does.
The words are my king and queen in this respect. EK : While on a walk with a close friend in October last year, I fell and broke my left middle finger. I also started experimenting with whatever I could find to create sound tools.
I taught myself how to use the basics of the Reaper programme and used it to edit everything into one whole. There are several poems that have been given the soundtooling treatment, from the flushing of my toilet through to the dropping of pennies in a steel bowl of water to emulate the release that comes from eventually being able to pass the faeces that have been blocking the passages.
EK: Thokoza is the project we are working on and it includes South African independent filmmaker, novelist, poet and fine artist Aryan Kaganof ; filmmaker and photographer Hugh Mdlalose ; and Jonathan Eato , sound recordist, mix engineer, and producer. This first event will be a good indicator of how our creative collaboration unfolded and how it can be shared with the community.
We are also working on getting some of the poems recorded and released. Eugene Skeef tells his story. Flat panel mobile shields must be placed between personnel and the sources of radiation when used. Mobile shields are recommended for the operator and for ancillary personnel who must be in the room but who are not performing patient-side-work. When wearing shielding surgical gloves, the operator must make sure their hands are not in the primary x-ray beam.
The shielded surgical gloves are highly x-ray attenuating. If the gloves are in the primary beam the glove will cause a substantial x-ray tube output boost to correct for the attenuation of the beam, which an increase in dose to both the patient and the operator.
Leaded eyewear and thyroid shields are recommended if the operator performs patient-side work during the procedure. Lead aprons are used in medical facilities to protect workers and patients from unnecessary x-ray radiation exposure from diagnostic radiology procedures.
A lead or lead equivalent apron is a protective garment which is designed to shield the body from harmful radiation, usually in the context of medical imaging. Both patients and medical personnel utilize lead aprons, which are customized for a wide range of usages. As is the case with many protective garments, it is important to remember that a lead apron is only effective when it is worn properly, matched with the appropriate radiation energy and is used in a safe and regularly inspected environment.
Personnel who are required to wear lead aprons or other similar radiation protection devices should visually inspect these devices prior to each use for obvious signs of damage such as tears or sagging of lead. A lead apron does not provide adequate shielding for 18F or I therapy patients most diagnostic imaging tracers can not be shielded with a lead or lead equivalent apron. In the case of therapy patients, heavy portable shields are provided by health physics as needed.
Due to standards set forth by the Joint Commission, health care organizations must perform annual inspections on medical equipment, including lead aprons.
In cases of questionable condition, one can choose to use fluoroscopy or radiography to look for holes and cracks. All machines, more specifically x-ray tubes , that generate ionizing radiation, including those for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, must be registered with the State of California unless they are located in a Federal facility within 30 days of acquisition CCR, Title 17, section Even if the device is located in a Federal facility, the machine must be registered with Health Physics within 30 days to ensure proper compliance testing is performed.
Additionally, if a machine has more than one tube, or if an old tube is replaced with a new tube, the changes need to be registered with Health Physics within 30 days to ensure proper registration with the State of California. Health Physics performs all required machine registration functions except for mammography machines. Contact Health Physics at After the machine is purchased and becomes operable, Health Physics pays biennial fees to the State of California. The machine registration fees are charged back to departments that operate x-ray machines.
To ensure proper registration with the State of California, departments preparing to purchase or acquire radiation-producing machine s must provide Health Physics the following information:. To ensure that shielding calculations and recommendations are adequate and, that the radiation dose to the public and occupational staff is below regulatory limits, the proposed floor and shielding plans shall be submitted to Health Physics for review and approval as early in the design process as possible to reduce the possible necessity of late in the project required design changes.
See the below section on the state approval timeline for new therapy machines. Note: Any changes in machine x-ray tubes must California Code Title 17, section must be report in writing within 30 days. Unless otherwise specified, Health Physics must survey the installation of radiation-producing machine s , whether newly acquired, relocated, modified, or repaired to determine the effectiveness of health and safety hazard controls.
All devices and equipment capable of producing radiation when operated shall be appropriately labeled to caution individuals that such devices or equipment produce radiation. Any radiation-producing machine that is located in an area accessible to occupational workers and is capable of producing a dose equivalent of 0. Note: If the radiation-producing machine is to be disposed of, all radiation-producing parts e.
Health Physics annually performs x-ray machine compliance tests on medical diagnostic machines to assure compliance with applicable rules and regulations.
Records of these compliance tests and any findings are kept at Health Physics. Compliance test copies are also forwarded to Radiology. The department responsible for the unit performs weekly fluoroscopy phantom checks to confirm tube current and potential as required by CCR Title Daily and monthly CT testing shall be performed by the department responsible for the CT scanners.
Mammography machine annual tests are performed by an outside contractor. Health Physics acts as a point of contact for this contractor.
Beam calibrations are performed by a Radiation Oncology Medical Physicist before initial operation and at intervals not to exceed twenty-four months.
A radiation protection survey must be performed on all new and existing installations not previously surveyed, and spot checks must be performed at least once each week for therapy systems. Annual safety compliance tests are performed by Health Physics. Records of these calibrations, spot checks, and surveys are maintained by Radiation Oncology — Radiation Physics and audited annually by Health Physics.
Report any CT scan of a wrong body part or repeated CT scan to Health Physics for dose estimation, except if the repeat scan is necessary due to patient motion effects. Most diagnostic fluoroscopy procedures are of short duration, and the skin doses received by patients are well below CRI threshold levels. However, fluoroscopically-guided interventional FGI procedures may require the prolonged use of fluoroscopy. If there is a concern that a sentinel event occurred, follow hospital procedures and contact health physics immediately.
In the event a CT exam is repeated without order e. Note: Only persons authorized by the individual in charge of the installation shall operate fluoroscopic equipment. All physicians using or supervising use of fluoroscopic equipment are required to be certified by the state of California.
Does a resident or fellow need a fluoroscopy permit? A resident or fellow working under the supervision of a Certified Fluoroscopy Supervisor physician does not need to be certified. A physician is not required to obtain a certificate or permit from the State if that physician:. These regulations establish the eligibility requirements and procedures for obtaining and renewing the PA fluoroscopy permit, set forth the work scope limitations under the permit, establish standards for revoking or suspending the permit and establish the fees for obtaining and renewing the permit.
Personnel shall not perform this service except infrequently and then only in cases where no other method is available. A non-occupational worker, such as a mother or father, can hold the patient.
Any individual holding or supporting a person during radiation exposure should wear protective gloves and apron with a lead equivalent of not less than 0. Under no circumstances shall individuals holding or supporting a person place part of their body directly in the primary beam. Note: On September 30, the State of California issued an exemption to Title 17 17CCR , Section a 1 , a 2 which required a fluoroscopy permit to be issued for someone who positions a patient, or positions fluoroscopy equipment.
Some electrical equipment operating at potentials of 20 kVp and above is capable of producing x-rays. Generally, only equipment operating at potentials of 30 kVp and above is capable of producing x-rays of biological significance. Anyone acquiring or constructing equipment operating at or above 30 kVp, or employing cathode-ray tubes, rectifier tubes, klystrons or magnetrons must contact Health Physics so that the machine may be checked under operating conditions to insure that no significant exposures will occur to operating personnel.
At Stanford the oversight of human subject research involving radiology devices and radioactive materials is a function of the Clinical Radiation Safety Committee CRSCo which is chartered by the Food and Drug Administration. Reviews may be conducted concurrently.
Additionally, section Health Physics is available to assist protocol directors designing studies with radiation. Early consultation will help assure that the proposal will be approved on the first review. The Committee meets at least once during each calendar quarter, or more frequently, at the discretion of the Chair. A quorum consists of more than fifty percent of its then current membership, and must include the Chair, the RSO, and the Management representative.
Applications for Human Subject protocols which include the use of radiation are forwarded to Health Physics for review. The purpose of the Radioactive Drug Research Committee RDRC is to guarantee the highest degree of both radiation and pharmacological safety to patients who take part in either research protocols or clinical trials. Federal law defines this committee, and the FDA must individually approve its members. The FDA also specifies its composition.
The FDA will conduct periodic reviews of the approved committee by reviewing the annual reports, reviewing the minutes, and by examining the full protocols for pertinent studies that have been approved by the committee. They may also institute on-site inspections. The physician must also be authorized to practice medicine in the state of California. Physicians without the above board certifications may be named as users for human treatment and diagnosis with radioactive materials on Radiation Use Authorizations provided that they meet the appropriate training and experience requirements described in 10 CFR Physicians who are in specialty training i.
Residents and fellows performing therapy must be under the direct supervision of a board certified physician. Direct supervision means that the supervisor must be able to assure that the individual being supervised is following directions and performing the task correctly.
The supervisor must be able to immediately apply proper instruction and corrective actions. Authorized users are ultimately responsible for the safe use of radioactive materials or radiation-producing machines under their control.
Clinical use of radiopharmaceuticals : If approved by the Clinical Radiation Safety Committee, nuclear medicine physicians who are authorized users AU may select radiopharmaceuticals in accordance with their professional judgment for the treatment and diagnosis of human beings provided that the radiopharmaceutical is approved for human use by the FDA.
Clinical use of accelerators: If approved by the Clinical Radiation Safety Committee, physicians who are authorized users may use an accelerator for the treatment of humans. Clinical use of sealed sources: If approved by the Clinical Radiation Safety Committee, physicians who are authorized users may use a high-dose rate HDR internal brachytherapy device or, may use other types of brachytherapy.
To ensure errors are properly reviewed, contact health physics promptly when it is discovered that:. Workers whose major responsibilities involve working with sources of ionizing radiation or radioactive material.
Examples could include:. All personnel who may come in contact with or enter an area that contains radioactive material or sources of ionizing radiation. Ancillary Worker examples include:. Personnel who would not normally be expected to encounter radioactive material or radiation sources in the course of their employment. Non-Radiation Workers examples include:.
Note: Radiation workers are those handling radioactive material. The content of the initial training may be modified for the specific job responsibilities. Radiation workers and ancillary workers whose exposure is frequent nuclear medicine technicians, Maintenance workers Periodic refresher training and, as needed.
Refresher training is typically annually. Ancillary workers whose exposure to radioactive material and other sources is infrequent e. Non-Radiation workers.
Note: a non-radiation worker is someone who does not directly handle radioactive material, or who is not directly exposed to radiation, but works near posted areas. Training is not required. Health Physics shall provide medical personnel support as necessary call Support will be provided in the area of contamination control, advice on radiation safety, and related matters. If an emergency procedure must be performed that requires transporting the patient to another area e. Health Physics shall be notified immediately.
Health Physics shall then assure that appropriate health physics support is provided. Most radioactive materials used for research at Stanford University and VA Palo Alto are low energy beta emitters, low energy photon emitters, or radionuclides that are used in nuclear medicine.
These radionuclides on a contaminated patient will cause minimal to zero harm or cancer risk to medical responders. Keep the following in mind:. If a large local event such as a terrorist act has occurred involving radioactive materials, medical providers must be prepared to adequately treat injuries complicated by ionizing radiation exposure and radioactive contamination.
Nuclear detonation and other high-dose radiation situations are the most critical but less likely events as they result in acute high-dose radiation. If you are informed that radiation accident victims will be sent to the hospital, immediately notify the nuclear medicine department, Health Physics, the Radiation Safety Officer and others who have radiation exposure expertise. Acute high-dose radiation occurs in three principal situations:.
Radioactive iodine I is usually administered orally to the patient. However, iodine will also be eliminated from the patient via the urine, perspiration and other body excreta within the first 48 hours.
Prior to any administration of radioiodine, an Authorized User physician shall date and sign a written directive and a treatment plan for the procedure. Patients who cannot be released under the conditions of 10 CFR The floor and any objects the patient is likely to touch must be covered with plastic or other protective material to prevent contamination. After notification from the nuclear medicine physician, the Environmental Health and Safety hazardous waste technician will prepare the room prior to the administration of the radioiodine.
The major routes of potential intake are passage through skin and ingestion. For example, if you were to touch a surface contaminated with radioactivity, your fingers could transfer radioactivity to your mouth. Note: Adult visitors should typically remain 3 feet or more away from the patient.
The room will be decontaminated if necessary. These instructions are for any therapy patient administered a radiopharmaceutical sealed source or brachytherapy information is in a separate section below , however, typically Stanford Health Care nursing and attendant staff will see radioiodine patients who are admitted.
Occasionally, patients who have received therapeutic levels of radioactivity must be transported within the Stanford Medical Center. The risks associated with transportation of such patients are small, and result in a very insignificant exposure if the following procedures are followed:.
Yttrium 90 Y microspheres are tiny spheres loaded with 90 Y, a radioisotope that emits pure beta radiation. The radiation from 90 Y is largely confined to a tissue depth of 2 — 3 mm. Because the spheres may have trace amounts of free 90 Y on their surface, only very small amounts of 90 Y can be excreted in the urine. If the dose to a breast-feeding infant or a child could exceed 1 mSv 0. In addition, 10 CFR The administered dose must be small so as not to produce any harmful radiation effects to the patient.
The most commonly used radioactive materials in nuclear medicine studies is technetiumm 99m Tc , a gamma emitter with a half-life of 6 hours or fluorine 18 18 F , a gamma emitter with a half-life of 2 hours.
There are also many other short lived radioactive isotopes used for nuclear medicine imaging studies. In many of these studies, especially bone and renal studies, the radioactive compounds are removed from the body in the urine and occasionally in the stool. Most of the radioactivity is gone after 24 hours.
With minor therapies, such as radioiodine for treatment of hyperthyroidism, the amount of radioactivity administered is sufficiently small to permit outpatient treatment of these patients. Based on confirming Geiger counter measurements made from these patients, known dosimetry results over many years to the most exposed occupational workers nuclear medicine staff and published research, there are very small exposures to other hospital workers from these patients.
While the exposure is not zero if the diagnostic study patient is seen within a few hours of their nuclear medicine scan, there is very little radiation exposure or contamination exposure to hospital staff associated with patients receiving radionuclides for minor therapies or diagnostic studies. Radiation warning signs are not posted for these patients and there are no regulations monitoring their movements, because the small exposures do not warrant such actions.
Health Physics offers consultation and evaluation of job responsibilities for pregnant nursing staff who work with these patients to ensure that their exposure stays under regulatory limits.
Contact Health Physics to determine whether radiation levels in your working area could cause a fetus to receive 0. Health Physics makes this determination based on personnel exposure monitoring reports, surveys, and the likelihood of an incident in your work setting. If the patient must be held by an individual, that individual shall be protected with appropriate shielding devices such as protective gloves and apron and he shall be so positioned that no part of his body will be struck by the useful beam.
The interpretation of this regulation is that occupational workers shall not routinely hold a patient, but can, in unusual cases, provided that they are protected with appropriate shielding. There is some flexibility in the regulations on how an emergency would be defined. Exemption issued by California for positioning a patient or fluoroscopy Equipment. For patients, the gonads may or may not need to be in the primary x-ray field. If the gonads are not in the primary field, the radiation exposure drops off rapidly.
In practice, the patient may be provided with a leaded apron anyway, because the staff has been trained to do that or it provides reassurance to the patient. For situations where the gonads are in the primary radiation field, shielding should be employed as long as the areas of interest are not blocked by the shielding. An example might be to image the pelvis to evaluate the heads of the femur bones. For males, the testes are easily shielded by special shields that are in contact with the body.
Alternately, shadow shields can be used.
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